FIt4 ligand and methods of use

ABSTRACT

Provided are ligands for the receptor tyrosine kinase, Flt4. Also provided are cDNAs and vectors encoding the ligand, pharmaceutical compositions and diagnostic reagents.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to the field of genetic engineering and more particularly to growth factors for endothelial cells and growth factor genes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Developmental growth, the remodelling and regeneration of adult tissues as well as solid tumor growth, can only occur when accompanied by blood vessel formation. Angioblasts and hematopoietic precursor cells differentiate from the mesoderm and form the blood islands of the yolk sac and the primary vascular system of the embryo. The development of blood vessels from these early (in situ) differentiating endothelial cells is termed vasculogenesis. Major embryonic blood vessels are believed to arise via vasculogenesis, whereas the formation of the rest of the vascular tree is thought to occur as a result of vascular sprouting from pre-existing vessels, a process called angiogenesis, Risau, et al., Devel. Biol., 125: 441-450 (1988).

Endothelial cells give rise to several types of functionally and morphologically distinct vessels. When organs differentiate and begin to perform their specific functions, the phenotypic heterogeneity of endothelial cells increases. Upon angiogenic stimulation, endothelial cells may re-enter the cell cycle, migrate, withdraw from the cell cycle and subsequently differentiate again to form new vessels that are functionally adapted to their tissue environment. Endothelial cells undergoing angiogenesis degrade the underlying basement membrane and migrate, forming capillary sprouts that project into the perivascular stroma. Ausprunk, et al., Microvasc. Rev., 14: 51-65 (1977). Angiogenesis during tissue development and regeneration depends on the tightly controlled processes of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival. Dysfunction of the endothelial cell regulatory system is a key feature of many diseases. Most importantly, tumor growth and metastasis have been shown to be angiogenesis dependent. Folkman, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267:10931-10934 (1992).

Key signals regulating cell growth and differentiation are mediated by polypeptide growth factors and their transmembrane receptors, many of which are tyrosine kinases. Autophosphorylated peptides within the tyrosine kinase insert and carboxyl-terminal sequences of activated receptors are commonly recognized by kinase substrates involved in signal transduction for the readjustment of gene expression in responding cells. Several families of receptor tyrosine kinases have been characterized. Van der Geer, et al., Ann. Rev. Cell Biol., 10:251-337 (1994). The major growth factors and receptors transducing angiogenic stimuli are schematically shown in FIG. 1.

Fibroblast growth factors are also known to be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. They have been shown to be mitogenic and chemotactic for cultured endothelial cells. Fibroblast growth factors also stimulate the production of proteases, such as collagenases and plasminogen activators, and induce tube formation by endothelial cells. Saksela, et al., Ann. Rev. Cell Biol., 4:93-126 (1988). There are two general classes of fibroblast growth factors, FGF-1 and FGF-2, both of which lack conventional signal peptides. Both types have an affinity for heparin and FGF-2 is bound to heparin sulfate proteoglycans in the subendothelial extracellular matrix from which it may be released after injury. Heparin potentiates the stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation by angiogenic FGFs, both by protecting against denaturation and degradation and dispersing the FGFs. Cultured endothelial cells express the FGF-1 receptor but no significant levels of other high-affinity fibroblast growth factor receptors.

Among other ligands for receptor tyrosine kinases, the platelet derived growth factor, PDGF-BB, has been shown to be weakly angiogenic in the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Risau, et al., Growth Factors, 7:261-266 (1992). Transforming growth factor a (TGFa) is an angiogenic factor secreted by several tumor cell types and by macrophages. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), the ligand of the c-met proto-oncogene-encoded receptor, is also strongly angiogenic.

Recent evidence shows that there are endothelial cell specific growth factors and receptors that may be primarily responsible for the stimulation of endothelial cell growth, differentiation and certain differentiated functions. The best studied of these is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a member of the PDGF family. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a dimeric glycoprotein of disulfide-linked 23 kDa subunits, discovered because of its mitogenic activity toward endothelial cells and its ability to induce vessel permeability (hence its alternative name vascular permeability factor). Other reported effects of VEGF include the mobilization of intracellular calcium, the induction of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 synthesis, stimulation of hexose transport in endothelial cells, and promotion of monocyte migration in vitro. Four VEGF isoforms encoded by distinct mRNA splice variants appear to be equally capable of stimulating mitogenesis in endothelial cells. However, each has a different affinity for cell surface proteoglycans, which behave as low affinity receptors for VEGF. The 121 and 165 amino acid isoforms of VEGF are secreted in a soluble form, whereas the isoforms of 189 and 206 amino acid residues remain cell surface associated and have a strong affinity for heparin.

The pattern of VEGF expression suggests its involvement in the development and maintenance of the normal vascular system and in tumor angiogenesis. During murine development, the entire 7.5 day post-coital (p.c.) endoderm expresses VEGF and the ventricular neuroectoderm produces VEGF at the capillary ingrowth stage. Breier, et al., Development, 114:521-523 (1992). On day two of quail development, the vascularized area of the yolk sac as well as the whole embryo show expression of VEGF. In addition, epithelial cells next to fenestrated endothelia in adult mice show persistent VEGF expression, suggesting a role in the maintenance of this specific endothelial phenotype and function.

Two high affinity receptors for VEGF have been characterized. These are VEGFR-1/Flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase-1) and VEGFR-2/Kdr/Flk-1 (kinase insert domain containing receptor/fetal liver kinase-1). Those receptors are classified in the PDGF-receptor family, but they have seven rather than five immunoglobulin-like loops in their extracellular domain and they possess a longer kinase insert than normally observed in this family. The expression of VEGF receptors occurs mainly in vascular endothelial cells, although some may be present on monocytes and melanoma cells. Only endothelial cells have been reported to proliferate in response to VEGF and endothelial cells from different sources show different responses. Thus, the signals mediated through VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 appear to be cell type specific.

The Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase is closely related in structure to the products of the VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 genes. Despite this similarity, the mature form of Flt4 differs from the VEGF receptors in that it is proteolytically cleaved in the extracellular domain into two disulfide-linked polypeptides. Pajusola et al., Cancer Res., 52:5738-5743 (1992). The 4.5 and 5.8 kb Flt-4 mRNAs encode polypeptides which differ in their C-termini due to the use of alternative 3′ exons. The VEGFs do not show specific binding to Flt4 or induce its autophosphorylation.

Expression of Flt4 appears to be more restricted than expression of VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-2. The expression of Flt4 first becomes detectable by in situ hybridization in the angioblasts of head mesenchyme, the cardinal vein, and extraembryonically in the allantois of 8.5 day p.c. mouse embryos. In 12.5 day p.c. embryos the Flt-4 signal is observed in developing venous and presumptive lymphatic endothelia, but arterial endothelia appear negative. During later stages of development, Flt4 mRNA becomes restricted to developing lymphatic vessels. Only the lymphatic endothelia and some high endothelial venules express Flt4 mRNA in adult human tissues and increased expression occurs in lymphatic sinuses in metastatic lymph nodes and in lymphangioma. These results support the theory of the venous origin of lymphatic vessels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a ligand for the Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase. In a preferred embodiment, the ligand comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 33 which specifically binds to the Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase.

The present invention also provides a precursor of an Flt4 ligand, wherein the precursor comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 33. The precursor is proteolytically cleaved upon expression to produce an approximately 23 kD peptide which is the Flt4 ligand. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an Flt4 ligand is provided which is the cleavage product of the precursor peptide shown in SEQ ID NO: 33 and which has a molecular weight of approximately 23 kD under reducing conditions. The Flt4 ligand comprises approximately the first 180 amino acids shown in SEQ ID NO: 33.

Also in a preferred embodiment, nucleic acids encoding an Flt4 ligand precursor are presented. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, numerous such coding sequences are possible, each having in common the coding of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 33, or portions thereof. Ligand precursors according to the invention, when expressed in an appropriate host cell, produce, via cleavage, a peptide which binds specifically to the Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase. The nucleotide sequence encoding the Flt4 ligand is within the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 32.

The present invention also provides a cell line which produces an Flt4 ligand. The ligand may be purified and isolated directly from the cell culture medium. Also provided are vectors comprising DNA encoding the Flt4 ligand and host cells comprising the vectors. Vectors are capable of expressing the Flt4 ligand under the control of appropriate promoters and other control sequences.

Ligands according to the invention may be labeled with a detectable label and used to identify their corresponding receptors in situ. Antibodies, both monoclonal and polyclonal, may be made against a ligand of the invention according to standard techniques in the art. Such antibodies may be used in diagnostic applications to monitor angiogenesis, vascularization, lymphatic vessels and their disease states, wound healing, or certain hematopoietic or leukemia cells or they may be used to block or activate the Flt4 receptor. Labeled Flt4 ligand and anti-Flt4 ligand antibodies may be used as imaging agents in the detection of lymphatic vessels, high endothelial venules, and Flt4 receptors expressed in histochemical tissue sections. The ligand or antibody may be covalently or non-covalently coupled to a suitable supermagnetic, paramagnetic, electron dense, echogenic, or radioactive agent for imaging. Other, non-radioactive labels, such as biotin and avidin may also be used.

The present invention also provides diagnostic and clinical applications for claimed ligands. In a preferred embodiment, Flt4 ligands or precursors of the invention are used to accelerate angiogenesis e.g. during wound healing or to promote the endothelial functions of lymphatic vessels. Ligands may be applied in any suitable manner using an appropriate pharmaceutically-acceptable vehicle. Ligands may also be used to quantify future metastatic risk by assaying biopsy material for the presence of active receptors or ligands in a binding assay or kit using detectably-labeled ligand. An Flt4 ligand according to the invention may also be used to promote re-growth or permeability of lymphatic vessels in, for example, organ transplant patients. Ligands according to the invention may also be used to treat or prevent inflammation, edema, aplasia of the lymphatic vessels, lymphatic obstruction, elephantiasis, and Milroy's disease. Finally, Flt4 ligands may be used to stimulate lymphocyte production and maturation and to promote or inhibit trafficking of leukocytes between tissues and lymphatic vessels or to affect migration in and out of the thymus.

Inhibitors of the Flt4 ligand may be used to control endothelial cell proliferation and lymphangiomas. For example, such inhibitors may be used to arrest metastatic growth or spread or to control other aspects of endothelial cell expression and growth. Inhibitors include antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, and peptides which block the Flt4 receptor.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing major endothelial cell receptor tyrosine kinases and growth factors involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show schematically the construction of the pLTRFlt4l expression vector

FIG. 3 shows schematically the construction of the baculovirus vector encoding a secreted soluble Flt4EC domain

FIG. 4 shows results of stimulation of Flt4 autophosphorylation by conditioned medium from PC-3 cell cultures.

FIGS. 5A-5C show that the tyrosyl phosphorylated polypeptide of Flt4-transfected cells stimulated with PC-3 conditioned medium is the 125 kD Flt4 polypeptide.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show Western analysis of the Flt4 ligand activity isolated from PC-3 conditioned medium.

FIG. 7 shows results of gel electrophoresis of fractions from the Western analysis of Flt4 ligand isolated from PC-3 conditioned medium.

FIG. 8 shows results of Western analysis of Flt4 autophosphorylation induced by either the Flt4 ligand, VEGF, or P1GF.

FIGS. 9A through 9C show the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the coding portion of Flt4 ligand cDNA.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of PDGF-A, -B, two PlGF isoforms, four VEGF isoforms and Flt4 ligand.

FIG. 11 shows the stimulation of autophosphorylation of the Flt4 receptor by conditioned medium from cells transfected with the Flt4-L expression vector

FIG. 12 shows Northern blotting analysis of Flt4-L mRNA in tumor cell lines.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to novel growth factors which are ligands for the Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase. Claimed ligands are members of a family of platelet-derived growth factors/vascular endothelial growth factors which promote mitosis and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and/or mesodermal cells. Ligands recognizing the Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase were purified from a PC-3 prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line (ATCC CRL1435). When applied to a population of cells expressing the Flt4 receptor, ligands of the invention stimulate autophosphorylation, resulting in receptor activation. The invention also provides inhibitors of the Flt4 receptor, including antibodies directed against the receptor. A ligand according to the invention may be coexpressed as a larger precursor which is cleaved to produce the ligand. A coexpressed region in some cases results from alternative splicing of RNA of the ligand gene. Such a co-expressed region may be a function of the particular expression system used to obtain the ligand. The skilled artisan understands that in recombinant production of proteins, additional sequence may be expressed along with a functional peptide depending upon the particular recombinant construct used to express the protein, and subsequently removed to obtain the desired ligand. In some cases the recombinant ligand can be made lacking certain residues of the endogenous/natural ligand. Moreover, it is well-known in that conservative replacements may be made in a protein which do not alter the function of the protein. Accordingly, it is anticipated that such alterations are within the scope of the claims. It is intended that the precursor sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 33 is capable of stimulating the Flt4 ligand without any further processing in a manner similar to that in which VEGF stimulates its receptor in its unprocessed form.

The following Examples illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention, wherein the isolation, characterization, and function of Flt4 ligands according to the invention is shown.

EXAMPLE 1 Production of pLTRFlt4l Expression Vector

Construction of the LTR-Flt4l vector is schematically shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. The full-length Flt4s cDNA (Genbank Accession No. X68203) was assembled by first subcloning the S2.5 fragment, reported in Pajusola et al., Cancer Res. 52:5738-5743 (1992), incorporated by reference herein, containing base pairs 56-2534 of the Flt4s into the EcoRI site of the pSP73 vector (Promega, Madison, Wis.).

Since cDNA libraries used for screening of Flt4 cDNAs did not contain its most 5′ protein-coding sequences, inverse PCR was used for the amplification of the 5′ end of Flt4 corresponding to the first 12 amino acid residues (MQRGAALCLRLW). PolyA+RNA was isolated from the HEL cells and double-stranded cDNA copy was synthesized using the Amersham cDNA Synthesis System Plus kit and a gene specific primer: 5′-TGTCCTCGCTGTCCTTGTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1), which was located 195 bp downstream of the 5′ end of clone S2.5. Double stranded cDNA was treated with T4 DNA polymerase to blunt the ends and cDNA was purified with Centricon 100 (Amicon Inc., Beverly, Mass.). Circularization was made in a total volume of 150 ul. The reaction mixture contained ligation buffer, 5% PEG-8000, 1 mM DTT and 8 U of T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs). Ligation was carried out at 16° C. for 16 hours. Fifteen μl of this reaction mix was used in a standard 100 μl PCR reaction containing 100 ng of specific primers including SacI and PstI restriction sites, present in this segment of the Flt4 cDNA, and 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer Cetus). Two rounds of PCR were performed using 33 cycles (denaturation at 95° C. for 1 minute, annealing at 55° C. for 2 minutes and elongation at 72° C. for 4 minutes). The PCR mixture was treated sequentially with the SacI and PstI restriction enzymes and after purification with MagicPCR Preps (Promega) DNA fragments were subcloned into the pGEM3Zf(+) vector for sequencing. The sequence obtained corresponds to the 5′ end of the Flt4s cDNA clone deposited in the Genbank Database as Accession No. X68203.

The sequence encoding the first 12 amino acid residues was added to the expression construct by ligating an SphI digested PCR fragment amplified using reverse transcription-PCR of polyA+RNA isolated from the HEL cells using the oligonucleotides 5′-ACATGCATGC CACCATGCAG CGGGGCGCCG CGCTGTGCCT GCGACTGTGG CTCTGCCTGG GACTCCTGGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2) (forward primer, SphI site underlined, the translational start codon marked in bold follows an optimized Kozak consensus sequence Kozak, Nucl. Acids Res. 15: 8125-8148, 1987) and 5′-ACATGCATGC CCCGCCGGT CATCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3) (reverse primer, SphI site underlined) to the 5′ end of the S2.5 fragment, thus replacing unique SphI fragment of the S2.5 plasmid. The resulting vector was digested with EcoRI and ClaI and ligated to a 138 bp PCR fragment amplified from the 0.6 kb EcoRI fragment (base pairs 3789 to 4416 in the Genbank X68203 sequence) which encodes the 3′ end of Flt4s shown in FIG. 1 of Pajusola et al., Cancer Res. 52:5738-5743, 1992, using the oligonucleotides 5′-CGGAATTCCC CATGACCCCA AC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4) (forward, EcoRI site underlined) and 5′-CCATCGATGG ATCCTACCTG AAGCCGCTTT CTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) (reverse, ClaI site underlined). The coding domain was completed by ligation of the 1.2 kb EcoRI fragment (base pairs 2535-3789 of sequence X68203) into the above construct. The complete cDNA was subcloned as a HindIII-ClaI(blunted) fragment (this ClaI site was also included in the 3′ primer used to construct the 3′ end of the coding sequence) to the pLTRpoly expression vector reported in Mäkelä et al., Gene, 118: 293-294 (1992) (Genbank accession number X60280), incorporated by reference herein, using its HindIII-Acc I(blunted) restriction sites.

The long form of Flt4 was produced by replacing the 3′-end of the short form as follows: The 3′ region of the Flt4l cDNA was PCR-amplified using a gene specific and a pGEM 3Z vector specific (SP6 promoter) oligonucleotide 5′-ATTTAGGTGACACTATA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6) as reverse and forward primers, respectively, and an Flt4l cDNA clone containing a 495 bp EcoRI fragment extending downstream of the EcoRI site at nucleotide 3789 of the Genbank X68203 sequence (the sequence downstream of this EcoRI site is deposited as the Flt4 long form 3′ sequence having Genbank accession number S66407). The gene specific oligonucleotide contained a BamHI restriction site located right after the end of the coding region. The sequence of that (reverse primer) oligonucleotide was 5′-CCATCGATGGATCCCGATGCTGCTTAGTAGCTGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) (BamHI site is underlined). The PCR product was digested with EcoRI and BamHI and transferred in frame to LTRFlt4s vector fragment from which the coding sequences downstream of the EcoRI site at base pair 2535 (see sequence X68203) had been removed by EcoRI-BamHI digestion. Again, the coding domain was completed by ligation of the 1.2 kb EcoRI fragment (base pairs 2535-3789 of sequence X68203) back into the resulting construct.

EXAMPLE 2 Production and Analysis of Flt4l Transfected Cells

NIH3T3 cells (60% confluent) were cotransfected with 5 μg of the pLTRFlt4l construct and 0.25 μg of the pSV2neo vector (ATCC) containing the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, using the DOTAP liposome-based transfection reagents (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany). One day after the transfection the cells were transferred into selection media containing 0.5 mg/ml geneticin (GIBCO, Grand Island, N.Y.). Colonies of geneticin-resistant cells were isolated and analysed for expression of the Flt4 proteins. Cells were lysed in boiling lysis buffer containing 3.3% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate), 125 mM Tris, pH 6.8. Protein concentrations of the samples were measured by the BCA method (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). About 50 μg protein of each lysate was analysed for the presence of Flt4 by 6% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting using antisera against the carboxyl terminus of Flt4 and the ECL method (Amersham).

For production of anti-Flt4 antiserum the Flt4 cDNA fragment encoding the 40 carboxyterminal amino acid residues of the short form: NH2-PMTPTTYKG SVDNQTDSGM VLASEEFEQI ESRHRQESGFR-COOH (SEQ ID NO: 8) was cloned as a 657 bp EcoRI-fragment into the pGEX-11T bacterial expression vector (Pharmacia) in frame with the glutathione-S-transferase coding region. The resulting GST-Flt4S fusion protein was produced in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography using a glutathione-Sepharose 4B column. The purified protein was lyophilized, dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), mixed with Freund's adjuvant and used for immunization of rabbits at biweekly intervals using methods standard in the art (Harlow and Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988). Antisera were used after the fourth booster immunization for immunoprecipitation of Flt4 from the transfected cells and clones expressing Flt4 were used for ligand stimulation analysis.

EXAMPLE 3 Construction of a Flt4 EC Baculovirus Vector and Expression and Purification of its Product

The construction of an Flt4 extracellular domain (EC) baculovirus vector is schematically shown in FIG. 3. The Flt4-encoding cDNA has been prepared in both a long form and a short form, each being incorporated in a vector under control of the Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR promoter. The nucleotide sequence of the short form of the Flt4 receptor is available on the Genbank database as Accession No. X68203 and the specific 3′ segment of the long form cDNA is available as Accession No. S66407.

The ends of a cDNA segment encoding Flt4 extracellular domain (EC) were modified as follows: The 3′ end of Flt4 cDNA sequence (Genbank Accession Number X68203) which encodes the extracellular domain was amplified using primer 1116 5′-CTGGAGTCGACTTGGCGGACT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9, SalI site underlined) and primer 1315 5′-CGCGGATCCCTAGTGATGGTGATGGTGATGTCTACCTTCGATCATG CTGCCCTTAT CCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10, BamHI site underlined). The sequence complementary to that of primer 1315 continues after the Flt4 reading frame and encodes 6 histidine residues for binding to a Ni-NTA column (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) followed by a stop codon, and an added Bam HI site. The amplified fragment was digested with SalI and BamHI and used to replace a unique SalI-BamHI fragment in the LTRFlt4 vector shown in FIG. 3. The SalI-BamHI fragment that was replaced encodes the Flt4 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains.

The 5′ end without the Flt4 signal sequence encoding region was amplified by PCR using the primer 1335 5′-CCCAAGCTTGGATCCAAGTGGCTACTCCATGACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 11) (the primer contains added HindIII (AAGCTT) and BamHI (GGATCC) restriction sites, which are underlined) and primer 1332 5′-GTTGCCTGTGATGTGCACCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 12). The amplified fragment was digested with HindIIII and SphI (the HindIII site (AAGCTT) is underlined in primer 1335 and the SphI site is within the amplified region of the Flt4l cDNA). The resulting HindIII-SphI fragment was used to replace a HindIII-SphI fragment in the modified LTRFlt4l vector described immediately above (the HindIII site is in the 5′ junction of the Flt4 insert with the pLTRpoly portion of the vector, the SphI site is in Flt4 cDNA). The resulting Flt4EC insert was then ligated as a BamHI fragment into the BamHI site in the pVTBac plasmid as disclosed in Tessier et al., Gene 98: 177-183 (1991), incorporated by reference herein. The orientation was confirmed to be correct by partial sequencing so that the open reading frame of the signal sequence-encoding portion of the vector continued in frame with the Flt4 sequence. That construct was transfected together with the baculovirus genomic DNA into SF-9 cells by lipofection. Recombinant virus was purified, amplified and used for infection of High-Five cells (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) using methods standard in the art. The Flt4 extracellular domain was purified from the culture medium of the infected High-Five cells using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography according to manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen) for binding and elution of the 6xHis tag encoded in the COOH-terminus of the recombinant Flt4 extracellular domain.

EXAMPLE 4 Isolation of Flt4 Ligand from Conditioned Media

An Flt4 ligand according to the invention was isolated from conditioned media from PC-3 prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line CRL1435 from the American Type Culture Collection and cultured as instructed by the supplier in Ham's F-12 Nutrient mixture (GIBCO) containing 7% fetal calf serum. In order to prepare the conditioned media, confluent PC-3 cells were cultured for 7 days in Ham's F-12 Nutrient mixture (GIBCO) in the absence of fetal bovine serum. Medium was then cleared by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 20 minutes. The medium was then screened to determine its ability to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Flt4 by exposure to NIH3T3 cells which had been transfected with Flt4-encoding cDNA using the pLTRFlt4l vector. For receptor stimulation experiments, subconfluent NIH3T3 cells were starved overnight in serum-free DMEM medium (GIBCO) containing 0.2% BSA. The cells were stimulated with the conditioned media for 5 minutes, washed twice with cold PBS containing 100 uM vanadate and lysed in RIPA buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.5% Nonidet P40 (BDH, Poole, England), 0.1% SDS, 0.1 U/ml Aprotinin (Boehringer Mannheim), 100 uM vanadate) for receptor immunoprecipitation analysis. The lysates were centrifuged for 20 minutes at 15,000×g. The supernatants were incubated for 2 hours on ice with 3 ul of the antiserum against the Flt4 C-terminus described in Example 2 and also in Pajusola, et al. Oncogene 8: 2931-2937, (1993), incorporated by reference herein.

After a 2 hour incubation in the presence of anti-Flt4 antiserum, protein A-Sepharose (Pharmacia) was added and incubation was continued for 45 minutes with rotation. The immunoprecipitates were washed three times with the immunoprecipitation buffer and twice with 10 mM Tris, pH7.5 before analysis in SDS-PAGE. Polypeptides were transferred to nitrocellulose and analyzed by Western blotting using Flt4- or phosphotyrosine-specific antisera and the ECL method (Amersham International, Buckinghamshire, England). Anti-phosphotyrosine monoclonal antibodies (anti-PTyr; PY20) were purchased from Transduction Laboratories (Lexington, Ky.). In some cases, the filters were restained with a second antibody after stripping. The stripping of the filters was done for 30 minutes at 50° C. in 100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 2% SDS, 62.5 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.7 with occasional agitation.

As shown in FIG. 4, the PC-3 cell conditioned medium stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of a 125 kD polypeptide when Flt4 expressing NIH3T3 cells were treated with the indicated preparations of media, lysed, and the lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flt4 antiserum followed by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and staining using anti-PTyr antibodies. The resulting band was weakly phosphorylated upon stimulation with unconcentrated PC-3 conditioned medium (lane 2). The 125 kD band comigrated with the tyrosine phosphorylated, processed form of the mature Flt4 from pervanadate-treated cells (compare lanes 2 and 7 of FIG. 4, see also FIG. 5A). Comigration was confirmed upon restaining with anti-Flt4 antibodies as is also shown in FIG. 5A (panel on the right). In order to show that the 125 kD polypeptide is not a non-specific component of the conditioned medium reactive with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies, 15 ul of conditioned medium was separated by SDS-PAGE, blotted on nitrocellulose and the blot was stained with anti-PTyr antibodies. No signal was obtained (FIG. 5B). Also, unconditioned medium failed to stimulate Flt4 phosphorylation, as shown in FIG. 4, lane 1.

As shown in FIG. 4, lane 3, stimulating activity was considerably increased when the PC-3 conditioned medium was concentrated four-fold using a Centricon-10 concentrator (Amicon). FIG. 4, lane 4, shows that pretreatment of the concentrated PC-3 conditioned medium with 50 ul of the Flt4 extracellular domain coupled to CNBr-activated sepharose CL-4B (Pharmacia; about 1 mg of Flt4 EC domain/ml sepharose resin) completely abolished Flt4 tyrosine phosphorylation. Similar pretreatment of the conditioned medium with unsubstituted sepharose CL-4B did not affect stimulatory activity, as shown in FIG. 4, lane 5. Also, the flow through obtained after concentration, which contained proteins of less than 10,000 molecular weight, did not stimulate Flt4 phosphorylation, as shown in FIG. 4, lane 6.

The foregoing data show that PC-3 cells produce a ligand which binds to the extracellular domain of Flt4 and activates this receptor.

EXAMPLE 5 Purification of the Flt4 Ligand

The ligand expressed by PC-3 cells as characterized in Example 3 was purified and isolated using a recombinant by produced Flt4 extracellular domain in affinity chromatography.

Two harvests of serum-free conditioned medium, comprising a total of 8 L were collected from 500 confluent 15 cm diameter culture dishes containing confluent layers of PC-3 cells. The conditioned medium was clarified by centrifugation at 10,000×g and concentrated 80-fold using an Ultrasette Tangential Flow Device (Filtron, Northborough, Mass.) with a 10 kD cutoff Omega Ultrafiltration membrane according to the manufacturer's instruction. Recombinant Flt4 extracellular domain was expressed in a recombinant baculovirus cell system and purified by affinity chromatography on Ni-agarose (Ni-NTA affinity column obtained from Qiagen). The purified exracellular domain was coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose CL-4B at a concentration of 5 mg/ml and used as an affinity matrix for ligand affinity chromatography.

Concentrated conditioned medium was incubated with 2 ml of the recombinant Flt4 extracellular domain-Sepharose affinity matrix in a rolling tube at room temperature for 3 hours. All subsequent purification steps were at +4° C. The affinity matrix was then transferred to a column (Pharmacia) with an inner diameter of 15 mm and washed successively with 100 ml of PBS and 50 ml of 10 mM Na-phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Bound material was eluted step-wise with 100 mM glycine-HCl, successive 6 ml elutions having pHs of 4.0, 2.4, and 1.9. Several 2 ml fractions of the eluate were collected in tubes containing 0.5 ml 1 M Na-phosphate (pH 8.0). Fractions were mixed immediately and dialysed in 1 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). Aliquots of 75 ul each were analyzed for their ability to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of Flt4. The ultrafiltrate, 100 ul aliquots of the concentrated conditioned medium before and after ligand affinity chromatography, as well as 15-fold concentrated fractions of material released from the Flt4 extracellular domain-Sepharose matrix during the washings were also analyzed for their ability to stimulate Flt4 tyrosine phosphorylation.

As shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, lane 3, the concentrated conditioned medium induced prominent tyrosine phosphorylation of Flt4 in transfected NIH3T3 cells overexpressing Flt4. This activity was not observed in conditioned medium taken after medium was exposed to the Flt4 Sepharose affinity matrix described above (lane 4). The specifically-bound Flt4-stimulating material was retained on the affinity matrix upon washes in PBS, 10 mM Na-phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), and at pH 4.0 (lanes 5-7, respectively), and it was eluted in the first two 2 ml aliquots at pH 2.4 (lanes 8 and 9). A further decrease of the pH of the elution buffer did not cause release of additional Flt4-stimulating material (lane 11).

Small aliquots of the chromatographic fractions were concentrated in a SpeedVac concentrator (Savant, Farmingdale, N.Y.) and subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions with subsequent silver staining of the gel. As shown in FIG. 7, the major polypeptide, having a molecular weight of approximately 23 kD (reducing conditions), was detected in the fractions containing Flt4 stimulating activity (corresponding to lanes 8 and 9 in FIG. 6). That polypeptide was not found in the other chromatographic fractions. On the other hand, all other components detected in the two active fractions were also distributed in the starting material and in small amounts in the other washing and elution steps after their concentration. Similar results were obtained in three independent affinity purifications, indicating that the 23 kD polypeptide specifically binds to Flt4 and induces its tyrosine phosphorylation.

Fractions containing the 23 kD polypeptide were combined, dried in a SpeedVac concentrator and subjected to SDS-PAGE in a 12.5% gel. The proteins from the gel were then electroblotted to Immobilon-P (PVDF) transfer membrane (Millipore, Malborough, Mass.) and visualized by staining of the blot with Coomassie blue R-250. The region containing only the stained 23 kD band was cut from the blot and was subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis in a Prosite Protein Sequencing System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The data were analyzed using a 610A Data Analysis System (Applied Biosystems). Analysis revealed a single N-terminal sequence of NH₂-XEETIKFAAAHYNTEILK-COOH (SEQ ID NO: 13).

EXAMPLE 6 Construction of PC-3 Cell cDNA Library in a Eukaryotic Expression Vector

Poly-A+RNA was isolated from five 15 cm diameter confluent dishes of PC-3 cells by a single step method using oligo(dT) (Type III, Collaborative Research) cellulose affinity chromatography (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). The yield was 70 μg. Six ug of the poly-A+RNA was used to prepare an oligo(dT)-primed cDNA library in the mammalian expression vector pcDNA I and the Librarian kit of Invitrogen according to the instructions included in the kit. The library was estimated to contain about 10⁶ independent recombinants with an average insert size of approximately 1.8 kb.

EXAMPLE 7 Amplification of the Unique Nucleotide Sequence Encoding the Flt4 Ligand

Degenerate oligonucleotides were designed based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the isolated Flt4 ligand and were used as primers in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify cDNA encoding the Flt4 ligand from a PC-3 cell library.

The PCR was carried out using 1 μg of DNA from the amplified PC-3 cDNA library and a mixture of sense-strand primers comprising 5′-GCAGARGARACNATHAA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 14) (wherein R is A or G, N is A,G,C or T and H is A, C or T), encoding amino acid residues 2-6 (EETIK, SEQ ID NO: 15) and antisense-strand primers 5′-GCAYTTNARDATYTCNGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) (wherein Y is C or T and D is A, G or T), corresponding to amino acid residues 14-18 (TEILK, SEQ ID NO: 17). Three extra nucleotides (GCA) were added to the 5′-terminus of each primer to increase annealing stability. Two successive PCR runs were carried out using 1 U per reaction of DynaZyme, a thermostable DNA polymerase (F-500L, Finnzymes), in a buffer supplied by the manufacturer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.8 at 25° C., 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 50 mM KCl, 0.1% Triton-X100) at an extension temperature of 72° C. The first PCR run was carried out for 43 cycles. The first three cycles were run at annealing temperature 33° C. for 2 minutes and the remaining cycles were run at 42° C. for 1 minute.

The region of the gel containing a weak band of the expected size (57 bp) was cut out from the gel and eluted. The eluted material was reamplified for 30 cycles using the same primer pairs described above at 42° C. for 1 minute. The amplified fragment was cloned into a pCR II vector (Invitrogen) using the TA cloning kit (Invitrogen) and sequenced using the radioactive dideoxynucleotide sequencing method of Sanger. Six clones were analysed and all contained the sequence encoding the expected peptide (amino acids 2-18 of the Flt4 ligand precursor). Nucleotide sequence spanning the region from the third nucleotide of codon 6 to the third nucleotide of codon 13 (the extension region) was identical in all six clones: 5′-ATTCGCTGCAGCACACTACAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 18) and thus was considered to represent an amplified product from the unique sequence encoding part of the amino terminus of the Flt4 ligand.

EXAMPLE 8 Amplification of the 5′-end of the cDNA Encoding the Flt4 Ligand

Based on the unique nucleotide sequence encoding the N-terminus of the isolated Flt4 ligand, two pairs of nested primers were designed to amplify in two subsequent PCR-reactions the complete 5′-end of the corresponding cDNAs from 1 μg of DNA from the above-described PC-3 cDNA library. First, amplification was performed with primer 5′-TCNGTGTTGTAGTGTGCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 19) which is the antisense-strand primer corresponding to amino acid residues 9-15 (AAHYNTE, SEQ ID NO: 20) and sense-strand primer 5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 21) corresponding to the T7 RNA promoter of the pcDNAI vector used for construction of the library. “Touchdown” PCR was used as disclosed in Don, et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 19: 4008 (1991), incorporated by reference herein. The annealing temperature of the two first cycles was 62° C. and subsequently the annealing temperature was decreased in every other cycle by 1° C. until a final temperature of 53° C. was reached, at which temperature 16 additional cycles were carried out. Annealing time as 1 minute and extension at each cycle was conducted at 72° C. for 1 minute. Multiple amplified DNA fragments were obtained in the first reaction. The products of the first amplification (1 ul of a 1:100 dilution in water) were used in the second amplification reaction employing the nested primers 5′-GTTGTAGTGTGCTGCAGCGAATTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 22), an antisense-strand primer corresponding to amino acid residues 6-13 (KFAAAHYN, SEQ ID NO: 23) of the Flt4 ligand and 5′-TCACTATAGGGAGACCCAAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 24), a sense-strand primer corresponding to nucleotides 2179-2199 of the pcDNAI vector. The sequences of these sense and antisense primers overlapped with the 3′ ends of the corresponding primers used in the first PCR. “Touchdown” PCR was carried out by decreasing the annealing temperature from 72° C. to 66° C. and continuing with 18 additional cycles at 66° C. The annealing time was 1 minute and extension at each cycle was carried out at 72° C. for 2 minutes. One major product of about 220 bp and three minor products of about 270 bp, 150 bp, and 100 bp were obtained.

The amplified fragment of approximately 220 bp was cut out from the agarose gel, cloned into a pCRII vector using the TA cloning kit (Invitrogen) and sequenced. Three recombinant clones were analysed and they contained the sequence 5′-TCACTATAGGGAGACCCAAGCTTGGTACCGAGCTCGGATCCACTA GTAACGGCCGCCAGTGTGGTGGAATTCGACGAACTCATGACTGTA CTCTACCCAGAATATTGGAAAATGTACAAGTGTCAGCTAAGGCAA GGAGGCTGGCAACATAACAGAGAACAGGCCAACCTCAACTCAAG GACAGAAGAGACTATAAAATTCGCTGCAGCACACTACAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25). The beginning of the sequence represents the pcDNAI vector and the underlined sequence represents the amplified product of the 5′-end of the insert. The ATG codon located upstream of that sequence in the same reading frame is followed by an open reading frame containing the amplified product of the putative signal sequence and the first 13 amino acid residues of the secreted Flt4 ligand.

EXAMPLE 9 Amplification of the 3′-end of cDNA Encoding the Flt4 Ligand

Based upon the amplified 5′-sequence of the clones encoding the Flt4 ligand, two pairs of non-overlapping nested primers were designed to amplify the 3′-portion of the clones. The sense-strand primer 5′-ACAGAGAACAGGCCAACC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26) and antisense-strand primer 5′-TCTAGCATTTAGGTGACAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 27) corresponding to nucleotides 2311-2329 of the pcDNAI vector were used in a first “touchdown” PCR. The annealing temperature of the reaction was decreased 1° C. every two cycles from 72° C. to 52° C., at which temperature 15 additional cycles were carried out. The annealing time was 1 minute and extension at each cycle was carried out at 72° C. for 3 minutes. DNA fragments of several sizes were obtained in the first amplification. Those products were diluted 1:200 in water and reamplified in PCR using the second pair of primers: 5′-AAGAGACTATAAAATTCGCTGCAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 28) and 5′-CCCTCTAGATGCATGCTCGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29) (antisense-strand primer corresponding to nucleotides 2279-2298 of the pcDNAI vector). Two DNA fragments were obtained, having sizes of 1350 bp and 570 bp. Those fragments were cloned into a pCRII vector and the inserts of the clones were sequenced. Both of these fragments were found to contain sequences encoding an amino acid sequence homologous to the VEGF sequence.

EXAMPLE 10 Screening the PC-3 Cell cDNA Library using the 5′ PCR Fragment of Flt4 Ligand cDNA

A 219 bp 5′-terminal fragment of Flt4 ligand cDNA was amplified by PCR using the 5′ PCR fragment described above and primers 5′-GTTGTAGTGTGCTGCAGCGAATTT-3′ (antisense-strand primer, SEQ ID NO: 30) and 5′-TCACTATAGGGAGACCCAAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31) (sense-primer corresponding to nucleotides 2179-2199 of the pcDNAI vector). The amplified product was subjected to digestion with EcoRI (Boehringer Mannheim) to remove the portion of the DNA sequence amplified from the pcDNAI vector and the resulting 153 bp fragment encoding the 5′ end of the Flt4 ligand was labeled with [³²P]-dCTP using the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I (Boehringer Mannheim). That fragment was used as a probe for hybridization screening of the amplified PC-3 cell cDNA library.

Filter replicas of the library were hybridized with the radioactively labeled probe at 42° C. for 20 hours in a solution containing 50% formamide, 5×SSPE, 5×Denhardt's solution, 0.1% SDS and 0.1 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. Filters were washed twice in 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS for 30 minutes at room temperature, then twice for 30 minutes at 65° C. and exposed overnight.

On the basis of autoradiography, 10 positive recombinant bacterial colonies hybridizing with the probe were chosen from the library. Plasmid DNA was purified from these colonies and analysed by EcoRI and NotI digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis followed by ethidium bromide staining. The ten plasmid clones were divided into three groups on the basis of the presence of insert sizes of approximately 1.7, 1.9 and 2.1 kb, respectively. Inserts of plasmids from each group were sequenced using the T7 oligonucleotide as a primer and walking primers for subsequent sequencing reactions.

Sequence analysis showed that all clones contain the open reading frame encoding the NH2-terminal sequence of the Flt4 ligand. Furthermore, the 2.1 and 1.9 kb clones also contained sequences encoding the signal sequence. The 5′ end of the 1.7 kb clone began within the signal sequence-encoding portion. Dideoxy sequencing was continued using walking primers in the downstream direction. An 1140 nucleotide portion of the sequence of the longest clone is shown in FIGS. 9A through 9C (SEQ ID NOS: 32 and 33). As can be seen in that figure, after the putative signal sequence the open reading frame terminates in a TAA stop codon 317 amino acid residues further downstream from the signal sequence. When compared with sequences in the GenBank Database, the predicted protein product of this reading frame was found to be homologous with the predicted amino acid sequences of the PDGF/VEGF family of growth factors, as shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B.

EXAMPLE 11 Stimulation of Flt4 Autophosphorylation by the Protein Product of the Flt4 Ligand Vector

The 2.1 kb insert of the Flt4-L clone in pcDNAI vector containing the open reading frame encoding the sequence shown in FIGS. 9A through 9C (SEQ ID NO: 32) was cut out from the vector using HindIII and NotI restriction enzymes, isolated from a preparative agarose gel and ligated to the corresponding sites in the pREP7 expression vector (Invitrogen). The pREP7 vector containing the above cloned insert was transfected into 293-EBNA cells (Invitrogen) using the calcium phosphate transfection method (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989). About 48 hours after transfection the medium of the transfected cells was changed to DMEM medium lacking fetal calf serum and incubated for 36 h. The thus conditioned medium was then collected, centrifuged at 5000×g for 20 minutes, the supernatant was concentrated 5-fold using Centriprep 10 (Amicon) stimulate NIH3T3 cells expressing LTRFlt41, as in Example 4. The cells were lysed, immunoprecipitated using anti-Flt4 antiserum and analysed by Western blotting using anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies.

As can be seen from FIG. 11, lanes 1 and 3, the conditioned medium from two different dishes of the transfected cells stimulated Flt4 autophosphorylation in comparison with the medium from mock-transfected cells, which gave only background levels of phosphorylation of the Flt4 receptor (lane 2). When the concentrated conditioned medium was preabsorbed with 20 μl of a slur of Flt4EC domain coupled to Sepharose (see example 4), no phosphorylation was obtained (lane 4), showing that the activity responsible for Flt4 autophosphorylation was indeed the Flt4 ligand. Thus, these results demonstrate that the Flt4-L plasmid vector clone having an approximately 2.1 kb insert and containing the open reading frame shown in FIGS. 9A through 9C is expressed into a Flt4 ligand in cells transfected with the Flt4-L expression vector clone, and thus is biologically active. The sequence encoded by that open reading frame is shown in SEQ ID NO: 33. Plasmid pFLt4-L has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852 as accession number 97231. A 1997 base pair nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA insert of this deposited plasmid is set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 34 and 35, respectively.

However, the predicted molecular weight of the mature protein product deduced from this reading frame is 35,724 and the Flt4 ligand from PC-3 cell cultures had an approximate molecular weight of 23 kD under reducing conditions. It is thus possible that the Flt4 mRNA may be first translated into a precursor, from which the mature ligand is derived by proteolytic cleavage. The difference in the observed molecular weight of the isolated Flt4 ligand and the deduced molecular weight of the disclosed open reading frame of the Flt4 ligand sequence may then derive from sequences in the carboxyl terminal region of the latter. Also, the Flt4 ligand may be glycosylated at two putative N-linked glycosylation sites conforming to the consensus which can be identified in the deduced Flt4 ligand amino acid sequence (N-residues underlined in FIG. 10A).

The carboxyl terminal amino acid sequences, which increase the predicted molecular weight of the Flt4 ligand subunit in comparison with other ligands of this family show a pattern of spacing of cysteine residues reminiscent of the Balbiani ring protein 3 (BRP3) sequence (Dignam and Case, Gene 88, 133-140, 1990). Such a sequence may encode an independently folded domain present in a Flt4 ligand precursor and it may be involved, for example, in the regulation of secretion, solubility, stability, cell surface localization or activity of the Flt4 ligand. Interestingly, at least one cysteine motif of the BRP3 type is also found in the VEGF carboxy terminal amino acid sequences.

Thus, the Flt4 mRNA may be first translated into a precursor from the mRNA corresponding to the Flt4-L clone, from which the mature ligand is derived by proteolytic cleavage. To define the mature Flt4 ligand product one first expresses the cDNA clone, which is deposited in the pcDNAI expression vector, in cells, such as COS cells and use antibodies generated against Flt4-L-encoded peptides, such as amino terminal 23 amino acid peptide or bacterial Flt4 fusion proteins, such as a GST-fusion protein, to raise antibodies against the VEGF-homologous domain of Flt4 ligand. One then follows the biosynthesis and processing of the Flt4 ligand in the transfected cells by pulse-chase analysis using radioactive cysteine for labelling of the cells, immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis. Using antibodies against the two domains of the product of the Flt4-L clone material for radioactive or nonradioactive aminoterminal sequence analysis is isolated. The determination of the NH2-terminal sequence of the carboxyl terminal fragment allows for identification of the proteolytic processing site. This is confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis of the amino acid residues adjacent to the cleavage site, which would prevent the cleavage.

On the other hand, the Flt4 ligand is characterized by progressive 3′ deletions in the 3′ coding sequences of the Flt4 ligand precursor clone, resulting in carboxy-terminal truncations of its protein product. The activities of such truncated forms are asaysed by, for example, studying Flt4 autophosphorylation induced by the truncated proteins when applied to cultures of cells, such as NIH3T3 cells expressing LTRFlt4. By extrapolation from studies of the structure of the related platelet derived growth factor (PDGF, reference Heldin et al., Growth Factors 8, 245-252, 1993) one determines that the region critical for receptor activation by the Flt4 ligand is contained within its first approximately 180 amino acid residues.

On the other hand, the difference between the molecular weights of the purified ligand and the open reading frame of the Flt4 precursor clone may be due to the fact that the soluble ligand was produced from an alternatively spliced mRNA which would also be present in the PC-3 cells, from which the isolated ligand was derived. To isolate such alternative cDNA clones one uses cDNA fragments of the deposited clone and PCR primers made according to the sequence provided as well as techniques standard in the art to isolate or amplify alternative cDNAs from the PC-3 cell cDNA library. One may also amplify using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR directly from the PC-3 mRNA using the primers provided in the sequence of the Flt4-L clone. Alternative cDNAs can be sequenced from the resulting cDNA clones. One can also isolate genomic clones corresponding to the Flt4-L transcript from a human genomic DNA library using methods standard in the art and to sequence such clones or their subcloned fragments to reveal the corresponding exons. Alternative exons can then be identified by a number of methods standard in the art, such as heteroduplex analysis of cDNA and genomic DNA and they can subsequently be characterized.

EXAMPLE 12 Expression of the Flt4-L Gene

Expression of transcripts corresponding to the Flt4 ligand was analysed by hybridization of Northern blots containing isolated polyA+RNA from HT-1080 and PC-3 human tumor cell lines. The probe was the radioactively labelled insert of the 2.1 kb cDNA clone (specific activity 10⁸-10⁹ cpm/mg of DNA). The blot was hybridized overnight at 42° C. or using 50% formamide, 5×SSPE buffer, 2% SDS, 10×Denhardts solution, 100 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA and 1×10⁶ cpm of the labelled probe/ml. The blot was washed at room temperature for 2×30 minutes in 2×SSC containing 0.05% SDS and then for 2×20 min at 52° C. in 0.1×SSC containing 0.1% SDS. The blot was then exposed at −70° C. for three days using intensifying screens and Kodak XAR film. Both cell lines expressed an Flt4 ligand mRNA of about 2.3 kb, as well as VEGF and VEGF-B mRNA:s (FIG. 12).

35 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 1 TGTCCTCGCT GTCCTTGTCT 20 70 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 2 ACATGCATGC CACCATGCAG CGGGGCGCCG CGCTGTGCCT GCGACTGTGG CTCTGCCTGG 60 GACTCCTGGA 70 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 3 ACATGCATGC CCCGCCGGTC ATCC 24 22 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 4 CGGAATTCCC CATGACCCCA AC 22 33 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 5 CCATCGATGG ATCCTACCTG AAGCCGCTTT CTT 33 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 6 ATTTAGGTGA CACTATA 17 34 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 7 CCATCGATGG ATCCCGATGC TGCTTAGTAG CTGT 34 40 amino acids amino acid single linear protein unknown 8 Pro Met Thr Pro Thr Thr Tyr Lys Gly Ser Val Asp Asn Gln Thr As 1 5 10 15 Ser Gly Met Val Leu Ala Ser Glu Glu Phe Glu Gln Ile Glu Ser Ar 20 25 30 His Arg Gln Glu Ser Gly Phe Arg 35 40 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 9 CTGGAGTCGA CTTGGCGGAC T 21 60 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 10 CGCGGATCCC TAGTGATGGT GATGGTGATG TCTACCTTCG ATCATGCTGC CCTTATCCTC 60 34 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 11 CCCAAGCTTG GATCCAAGTG GCTACTCCAT GACC 34 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 12 GTTGCCTGTG ATGTGCACCA 20 18 amino acids amino acid single linear peptide unknown 13 Xaa Glu Glu Thr Ile Lys Phe Ala Ala Ala His Tyr Asn Thr Glu Il 1 5 10 15 Leu Lys 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 14 GCAGARGARA CNATHAA 17 5 amino acids amino acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 15 Glu Glu Thr Ile Lys 1 5 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 16 GCAYTTNARD ATYTCNGT 18 5 amino acids amino acid single linear peptide unknown 17 Thr Glu Ile Leu Lys 1 5 22 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 18 ATTCGCTGCA GCACACTACA AC 22 19 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 19 TCAGTGTTGT AGTGTGCTG 19 7 amino acids amino acid single linear peptide unknown 20 Ala Ala His Tyr Asn Thr Glu 1 5 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 21 TAATACGACT CACTATAGGG 20 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 22 GTTGTAGTGT GCTGCAGCGA ATTT 24 8 amino acids amino acid single linear peptide unknown 23 Lys Phe Ala Ala Ala His Tyr Asn 1 5 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 24 TCACTATAGG GAGACCCAAG C 21 219 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 25 TCACTATAGG GAGACCCAAG CTTGGTACCG AGCTCGGATC CACTAGTAAC GGCCGCCAGT 60 GTGGTGGAAT TCGACGAACT CATGACTGTA CTCTACCCAG AATATTGGAA AATGTACAA 120 TGTCAGCTAA GGCAAGGAGG CTGGCAACAT AACAGAGAAC AGGCCAACCT CAACTCAAG 180 ACAGAAGAGA CTATAAAATT CGCTGCAGCA CACTACAAC 219 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 26 ACAGAGAACA GGCCAACC 18 19 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 27 TCTAGCATTT AGGTGACAC 19 25 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 28 AAGAGACTAT AAAATTCGCT GCAGC 25 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 29 CCCTCTAGAT GCATGCTCGA 20 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 30 GTTGTAGTGT GCTGCAGCGA ATTT 24 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown 31 TCACTATAGG GAGACCCAAG C 21 1140 base pairs nucleic acid single linear DNA (genomic) unknown CDS 37..1089 32 GAGCAGTTAC GGTCTGTGTC CAGTGTAGAT GAACTC ATG ACT GTA CTC TAC CCA 54 Met Thr Val Leu Tyr Pro 1 5 GAA TAT TGG AAA ATG TAC AAG TGT CAG CTA AGG AAA GGA GGC TGG CAA 102 Glu Tyr Trp Lys Met Tyr Lys Cys Gln Leu Arg Lys Gly Gly Trp Gln 10 15 20 CAT AAC AGA GAA CAG GCC AAC CTC AAC TCA AGG ACA GAA GAG ACT ATA 150 His Asn Arg Glu Gln Ala Asn Leu Asn Ser Arg Thr Glu Glu Thr Ile 25 30 35 AAA TTT GCT GCA GCA CAT TAT AAT ACA GAG ATC TTG AAA AGT ATT GAT 198 Lys Phe Ala Ala Ala His Tyr Asn Thr Glu Ile Leu Lys Ser Ile Asp 40 45 50 AAT GAG TGG AGA AAG ACT CAA TGC ATG CCA CGG GAG GTG TGT ATA GAT 246 Asn Glu Trp Arg Lys Thr Gln Cys Met Pro Arg Glu Val Cys Ile Asp 55 60 65 70 GTG GGG AAG GAG TTT GGA GTC GCG ACA AAC ACC TTC TTT AAA CCT CCA 294 Val Gly Lys Glu Phe Gly Val Ala Thr Asn Thr Phe Phe Lys Pro Pro 75 80 85 TGT GTG TCC GTC TAC AGA TGT GGG GGT TGC TGC AAT AGT GAG GGG CTG 342 Cys Val Ser Val Tyr Arg Cys Gly Gly Cys Cys Asn Ser Glu Gly Leu 90 95 100 CAG TGC ATG AAC ACC AGC ACG AGC TAC CTC AGC AAG ACG TTA TTT GAA 390 Gln Cys Met Asn Thr Ser Thr Ser Tyr Leu Ser Lys Thr Leu Phe Glu 105 110 115 ATT ACA GTG CCT CTC TCT CAA GGC CCC AAA CCA GTA ACA ATC AGT TTT 438 Ile Thr Val Pro Leu Ser Gln Gly Pro Lys Pro Val Thr Ile Ser Phe 120 125 130 GCC AAT CAC ACT TCC TGC CGA TGC ATG TCT AAA CTG GAT GTT TAC AGA 486 Ala Asn His Thr Ser Cys Arg Cys Met Ser Lys Leu Asp Val Tyr Arg 135 140 145 150 CAA GTT CAT TCC ATT ATT AGA CGT TCC CTG CCA GCA ACA CTA CCA CAG 534 Gln Val His Ser Ile Ile Arg Arg Ser Leu Pro Ala Thr Leu Pro Gln 155 160 165 TGT CAG GCA GCG AAC AAG ACC TGC CCC ACC AAT TAC ATG TGG AAT AAT 582 Cys Gln Ala Ala Asn Lys Thr Cys Pro Thr Asn Tyr Met Trp Asn Asn 170 175 180 CAC ATC TGC AGA TGC CTG GCT CAG GAA GAT TTT ATG TTT TCC TCG GAT 630 His Ile Cys Arg Cys Leu Ala Gln Glu Asp Phe Met Phe Ser Ser Asp 185 190 195 GCT GGA GAT GAC TCA ACA GAT GGA TTC CAT GAC ATC TGT GGA CCA AAC 678 Ala Gly Asp Asp Ser Thr Asp Gly Phe His Asp Ile Cys Gly Pro Asn 200 205 210 AAG GAG CTG GAT GAA GAG ACC TGT CAG TGT GTC TGC AGA GCG GGG CTT 726 Lys Glu Leu Asp Glu Glu Thr Cys Gln Cys Val Cys Arg Ala Gly Leu 215 220 225 230 CGG CCT GCC AGC TGT GGA CCC CAC AAA GAA CTA GAC AGA AAC TCA TGC 774 Arg Pro Ala Ser Cys Gly Pro His Lys Glu Leu Asp Arg Asn Ser Cys 235 240 245 CAG TGT GTC TGT AAA AAC AAA CTC TTC CCC AGC CAA TGT GGG GCC AAC 822 Gln Cys Val Cys Lys Asn Lys Leu Phe Pro Ser Gln Cys Gly Ala Asn 250 255 260 CGA GAA TTT GAT GAA AAC ACA TGC CAG TGT GTA TGT AAA AGA ACC TGC 870 Arg Glu Phe Asp Glu Asn Thr Cys Gln Cys Val Cys Lys Arg Thr Cys 265 270 275 CCC AGA AAT CAA CCC CTA AAT CCT GGA AAA TGT GCC TGT GAA TGT ACA 918 Pro Arg Asn Gln Pro Leu Asn Pro Gly Lys Cys Ala Cys Glu Cys Thr 280 285 290 GAA AGT CCA CAG AAA TGC TTG TTA AAA GGA AAG AAG TTC CAC CAC CAA 966 Glu Ser Pro Gln Lys Cys Leu Leu Lys Gly Lys Lys Phe His His Gln 295 300 305 310 ACA TGC AGC TGT TAC AGA CGG CCA TGT ACG AAC CGC CAG AAG GCT TGT 1014 Thr Cys Ser Cys Tyr Arg Arg Pro Cys Thr Asn Arg Gln Lys Ala Cys 315 320 325 GAG CCA GGA TTT TCA TAT AGT GAA GAA GTG TGT CGT TGT GTC CCT TCA 1062 Glu Pro Gly Phe Ser Tyr Ser Glu Glu Val Cys Arg Cys Val Pro Ser 330 335 340 TAT TGG AAA AGA CCA CAA ATG AGC TAAGATTGTA CTGTTTTCCA GTTCATCGA 1116 Tyr Trp Lys Arg Pro Gln Met Ser 345 350 TTTCTATTAT GGAAAACTGT GTTG 1140 350 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 33 Met Thr Val Leu Tyr Pro Glu Tyr Trp Lys Met Tyr Lys Cys Gln Leu 1 5 10 15 Arg Lys Gly Gly Trp Gln His Asn Arg Glu Gln Ala Asn Leu Asn Ser 20 25 30 Arg Thr Glu Glu Thr Ile Lys Phe Ala Ala Ala His Tyr Asn Thr Glu 35 40 45 Ile Leu Lys Ser Ile Asp Asn Glu Trp Arg Lys Thr Gln Cys Met Pro 50 55 60 Arg Glu Val Cys Ile Asp Val Gly Lys Glu Phe Gly Val Ala Thr Asn 65 70 75 80 Thr Phe Phe Lys Pro Pro Cys Val Ser Val Tyr Arg Cys Gly Gly Cys 85 90 95 Cys Asn Ser Glu Gly Leu Gln Cys Met Asn Thr Ser Thr Ser Tyr Leu 100 105 110 Ser Lys Thr Leu Phe Glu Ile Thr Val Pro Leu Ser Gln Gly Pro Lys 115 120 125 Pro Val Thr Ile Ser Phe Ala Asn His Thr Ser Cys Arg Cys Met Ser 130 135 140 Lys Leu Asp Val Tyr Arg Gln Val His Ser Ile Ile Arg Arg Ser Leu 145 150 155 160 Pro Ala Thr Leu Pro Gln Cys Gln Ala Ala Asn Lys Thr Cys Pro Thr 165 170 175 Asn Tyr Met Trp Asn Asn His Ile Cys Arg Cys Leu Ala Gln Glu Asp 180 185 190 Phe Met Phe Ser Ser Asp Ala Gly Asp Asp Ser Thr Asp Gly Phe His 195 200 205 Asp Ile Cys Gly Pro Asn Lys Glu Leu Asp Glu Glu Thr Cys Gln Cys 210 215 220 Val Cys Arg Ala Gly Leu Arg Pro Ala Ser Cys Gly Pro His Lys Glu 225 230 235 240 Leu Asp Arg Asn Ser Cys Gln Cys Val Cys Lys Asn Lys Leu Phe Pro 245 250 255 Ser Gln Cys Gly Ala Asn Arg Glu Phe Asp Glu Asn Thr Cys Gln Cys 260 265 270 Val Cys Lys Arg Thr Cys Pro Arg Asn Gln Pro Leu Asn Pro Gly Lys 275 280 285 Cys Ala Cys Glu Cys Thr Glu Ser Pro Gln Lys Cys Leu Leu Lys Gly 290 295 300 Lys Lys Phe His His Gln Thr Cys Ser Cys Tyr Arg Arg Pro Cys Thr 305 310 315 320 Asn Arg Gln Lys Ala Cys Glu Pro Gly Phe Ser Tyr Ser Glu Glu Val 325 330 335 Cys Arg Cys Val Pro Ser Tyr Trp Lys Arg Pro Gln Met Ser 340 345 350 1997 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA unknown CDS 352..1608 34 CCCGCCCCGC CTCTCCAAAA AGCTACACCG ACGCGGACCG CGGCGGCGTC CTCCCTCGCC 60 CTCGCTTCAC CTCGCGGGCT CCGAATGCGG GGAGCTCGGA TGTCCGGTTT CCTGTGAGG 120 TTTTACCTGA CACCCGCCGC CTTTCCCCGG CACTGGCTGG GAGGGCGCCC TGCAAAGTT 180 GGAACGCGGA GCCCCGGACC CGCTCCCGCC GCCTCCGGCT CGCCCAGGGG GGGTCGCCG 240 GAGGAGCCCG GGGGAGAGGG ACCAGGAGGG GCCCGCGGCC TCGCAGGGGC GCCCGCGCC 300 CCACCCCTGC CCCCGCCAGC GGACCGGTCC CCCACCCCCG GTCCTTCCAC C ATG CAC 357 Met His 1 TTG CTG GGC TTC TTC TCT GTG GCG TGT TCT CTG CTC GCC GCT GCG CTG 405 Leu Leu Gly Phe Phe Ser Val Ala Cys Ser Leu Leu Ala Ala Ala Leu 5 10 15 CTC CCG GGT CCT CGC GAG GCG CCC GCC GCC GCC GCC GCC TTC GAG TCC 453 Leu Pro Gly Pro Arg Glu Ala Pro Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Phe Glu Ser 20 25 30 GGA CTC GAC CTC TCG GAC GCG GAG CCC GAC GCG GGC GAG GCC ACG GCT 501 Gly Leu Asp Leu Ser Asp Ala Glu Pro Asp Ala Gly Glu Ala Thr Ala 35 40 45 50 TAT GCA AGC AAA GAT CTG GAG GAG CAG TTA CGG TCT GTG TCC AGT GTA 549 Tyr Ala Ser Lys Asp Leu Glu Glu Gln Leu Arg Ser Val Ser Ser Val 55 60 65 GAT GAA CTC ATG ACT GTA CTC TAC CCA GAA TAT TGG AAA ATG TAC AAG 597 Asp Glu Leu Met Thr Val Leu Tyr Pro Glu Tyr Trp Lys Met Tyr Lys 70 75 80 TGT CAG CTA AGG AAA GGA GGC TGG CAA CAT AAC AGA GAA CAG GCC AAC 645 Cys Gln Leu Arg Lys Gly Gly Trp Gln His Asn Arg Glu Gln Ala Asn 85 90 95 CTC AAC TCA AGG ACA GAA GAG ACT ATA AAA TTT GCT GCA GCA CAT TAT 693 Leu Asn Ser Arg Thr Glu Glu Thr Ile Lys Phe Ala Ala Ala His Tyr 100 105 110 AAT ACA GAG ATC TTG AAA AGT ATT GAT AAT GAG TGG AGA AAG ACT CAA 741 Asn Thr Glu Ile Leu Lys Ser Ile Asp Asn Glu Trp Arg Lys Thr Gln 115 120 125 130 TGC ATG CCA CGG GAG GTG TGT ATA GAT GTG GGG AAG GAG TTT GGA GTC 789 Cys Met Pro Arg Glu Val Cys Ile Asp Val Gly Lys Glu Phe Gly Val 135 140 145 GCG ACA AAC ACC TTC TTT AAA CCT CCA TGT GTG TCC GTC TAC AGA TGT 837 Ala Thr Asn Thr Phe Phe Lys Pro Pro Cys Val Ser Val Tyr Arg Cys 150 155 160 GGG GGT TGC TGC AAT AGT GAG GGG CTG CAG TGC ATG AAC ACC AGC ACG 885 Gly Gly Cys Cys Asn Ser Glu Gly Leu Gln Cys Met Asn Thr Ser Thr 165 170 175 AGC TAC CTC AGC AAG ACG TTA TTT GAA ATT ACA GTG CCT CTC TCT CAA 933 Ser Tyr Leu Ser Lys Thr Leu Phe Glu Ile Thr Val Pro Leu Ser Gln 180 185 190 GGC CCC AAA CCA GTA ACA ATC AGT TTT GCC AAT CAC ACT TCC TGC CGA 981 Gly Pro Lys Pro Val Thr Ile Ser Phe Ala Asn His Thr Ser Cys Arg 195 200 205 210 TGC ATG TCT AAA CTG GAT GTT TAC AGA CAA GTT CAT TCC ATT ATT AGA 1029 Cys Met Ser Lys Leu Asp Val Tyr Arg Gln Val His Ser Ile Ile Arg 215 220 225 CGT TCC CTG CCA GCA ACA CTA CCA CAG TGT CAG GCA GCG AAC AAG ACC 1077 Arg Ser Leu Pro Ala Thr Leu Pro Gln Cys Gln Ala Ala Asn Lys Thr 230 235 240 TGC CCC ACC AAT TAC ATG TGG AAT AAT CAC ATC TGC AGA TGC CTG GCT 1125 Cys Pro Thr Asn Tyr Met Trp Asn Asn His Ile Cys Arg Cys Leu Ala 245 250 255 CAG GAA GAT TTT ATG TTT TCC TCG GAT GCT GGA GAT GAC TCA ACA GAT 1173 Gln Glu Asp Phe Met Phe Ser Ser Asp Ala Gly Asp Asp Ser Thr Asp 260 265 270 GGA TTC CAT GAC ATC TGT GGA CCA AAC AAG GAG CTG GAT GAA GAG ACC 1221 Gly Phe His Asp Ile Cys Gly Pro Asn Lys Glu Leu Asp Glu Glu Thr 275 280 285 290 TGT CAG TGT GTC TGC AGA GCG GGG CTT CGG CCT GCC AGC TGT GGA CCC 1269 Cys Gln Cys Val Cys Arg Ala Gly Leu Arg Pro Ala Ser Cys Gly Pro 295 300 305 CAC AAA GAA CTA GAC AGA AAC TCA TGC CAG TGT GTC TGT AAA AAC AAA 1317 His Lys Glu Leu Asp Arg Asn Ser Cys Gln Cys Val Cys Lys Asn Lys 310 315 320 CTC TTC CCC AGC CAA TGT GGG GCC AAC CGA GAA TTT GAT GAA AAC ACA 1365 Leu Phe Pro Ser Gln Cys Gly Ala Asn Arg Glu Phe Asp Glu Asn Thr 325 330 335 TGC CAG TGT GTA TGT AAA AGA ACC TGC CCC AGA AAT CAA CCC CTA AAT 1413 Cys Gln Cys Val Cys Lys Arg Thr Cys Pro Arg Asn Gln Pro Leu Asn 340 345 350 CCT GGA AAA TGT GCC TGT GAA TGT ACA GAA AGT CCA CAG AAA TGC TTG 1461 Pro Gly Lys Cys Ala Cys Glu Cys Thr Glu Ser Pro Gln Lys Cys Leu 355 360 365 370 TTA AAA GGA AAG AAG TTC CAC CAC CAA ACA TGC AGC TGT TAC AGA CGG 1509 Leu Lys Gly Lys Lys Phe His His Gln Thr Cys Ser Cys Tyr Arg Arg 375 380 385 CCA TGT ACG AAC CGC CAG AAG GCT TGT GAG CCA GGA TTT TCA TAT AGT 1557 Pro Cys Thr Asn Arg Gln Lys Ala Cys Glu Pro Gly Phe Ser Tyr Ser 390 395 400 GAA GAA GTG TGT CGT TGT GTC CCT TCA TAT TGG AAA AGA CCA CAA ATG 1605 Glu Glu Val Cys Arg Cys Val Pro Ser Tyr Trp Lys Arg Pro Gln Met 405 410 415 AGC TAAGATTGTA CTGTTTTCCA GTTCATCGAT TTTCTATTAT GGAAAACTGT 1658 Ser GTTGCCACAG TAGAACTGTC TGTGAACAGA GAGACCCTTG TGGGTCCATG CTAACAAA 1718 CAAAAGTCTG TCTTTCCTGA ACCATGTGGA TAACTTTACA GAAATGGACT GGAGCTCA 1778 TGCAAAAGGC CTCTTGTAAA GACTGGTTTT CTGCCAATGA CCAAACAGCC AAGATTTT 1838 TCTTGTGATT TCTTTAAAAG AATGACTATA TAATTTATTT CCACTAAAAA TATTGTTT 1898 GCATTCATTT TTATAGCAAC AACAATTGGT AAAACTCACT GTGATCAATA TTTTTATA 1958 ATGCAAAATA TGTTTAAAAT AAAATGAAAA TTGTATTAT 1997 419 amino acids amino acid linear protein unknown 35 Met His Leu Leu Gly Phe Phe Ser Val Ala Cys Ser Leu Leu Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Leu Leu Pro Gly Pro Arg Glu Ala Pro Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Phe 20 25 30 Glu Ser Gly Leu Asp Leu Ser Asp Ala Glu Pro Asp Ala Gly Glu Ala 35 40 45 Thr Ala Tyr Ala Ser Lys Asp Leu Glu Glu Gln Leu Arg Ser Val Ser 50 55 60 Ser Val Asp Glu Leu Met Thr Val Leu Tyr Pro Glu Tyr Trp Lys Met 65 70 75 80 Tyr Lys Cys Gln Leu Arg Lys Gly Gly Trp Gln His Asn Arg Glu Gln 85 90 95 Ala Asn Leu Asn Ser Arg Thr Glu Glu Thr Ile Lys Phe Ala Ala Ala 100 105 110 His Tyr Asn Thr Glu Ile Leu Lys Ser Ile Asp Asn Glu Trp Arg Lys 115 120 125 Thr Gln Cys Met Pro Arg Glu Val Cys Ile Asp Val Gly Lys Glu Phe 130 135 140 Gly Val Ala Thr Asn Thr Phe Phe Lys Pro Pro Cys Val Ser Val Tyr 145 150 155 160 Arg Cys Gly Gly Cys Cys Asn Ser Glu Gly Leu Gln Cys Met Asn Thr 165 170 175 Ser Thr Ser Tyr Leu Ser Lys Thr Leu Phe Glu Ile Thr Val Pro Leu 180 185 190 Ser Gln Gly Pro Lys Pro Val Thr Ile Ser Phe Ala Asn His Thr Ser 195 200 205 Cys Arg Cys Met Ser Lys Leu Asp Val Tyr Arg Gln Val His Ser Ile 210 215 220 Ile Arg Arg Ser Leu Pro Ala Thr Leu Pro Gln Cys Gln Ala Ala Asn 225 230 235 240 Lys Thr Cys Pro Thr Asn Tyr Met Trp Asn Asn His Ile Cys Arg Cys 245 250 255 Leu Ala Gln Glu Asp Phe Met Phe Ser Ser Asp Ala Gly Asp Asp Ser 260 265 270 Thr Asp Gly Phe His Asp Ile Cys Gly Pro Asn Lys Glu Leu Asp Glu 275 280 285 Glu Thr Cys Gln Cys Val Cys Arg Ala Gly Leu Arg Pro Ala Ser Cys 290 295 300 Gly Pro His Lys Glu Leu Asp Arg Asn Ser Cys Gln Cys Val Cys Lys 305 310 315 320 Asn Lys Leu Phe Pro Ser Gln Cys Gly Ala Asn Arg Glu Phe Asp Glu 325 330 335 Asn Thr Cys Gln Cys Val Cys Lys Arg Thr Cys Pro Arg Asn Gln Pro 340 345 350 Leu Asn Pro Gly Lys Cys Ala Cys Glu Cys Thr Glu Ser Pro Gln Lys 355 360 365 Cys Leu Leu Lys Gly Lys Lys Phe His His Gln Thr Cys Ser Cys Tyr 370 375 380 Arg Arg Pro Cys Thr Asn Arg Gln Lys Ala Cys Glu Pro Gly Phe Ser 385 390 395 400 Tyr Ser Glu Glu Val Cys Arg Cys Val Pro Ser Tyr Trp Lys Arg Pro 405 410 415 Gln Met Ser 

What is claimed is:
 1. A purified and isolated polypeptide capable of binding to an Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase, said polypeptide comprising a portion of amino acids 1-180 of SEQ ID NO: 33 effective to permit such binding, said polypeptide lacking all of amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 33 beyond position
 180. 2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide according to claim 1 in a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent, adjuvant, or carrier.
 3. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising administering to a person in need of modulation of Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase activity a composition according to claim
 2. 4. A polypeptide according to claim 1 further comprising a detectable label.
 5. A purified and isolated polypeptide according to claim 1 that binds Flt4 and stimulates Flt4 phosphorylation in mammalian cells expressing Flt4.
 6. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising contacting cells that express human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase with a polypeptide according to claim
 1. 7. A purified and isolated polypeptide capable of binding with high affinity to the extracellular domain of Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase (Flt4), wherein the polypeptide comprises a portion of SEQ ID NO: 33 effective to permit such binding, and wherein the polypeptide has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 23 kD as assessed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.
 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide according to claim 7 in a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent, adjuvant, or carrier.
 9. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising administering to a person in need of modulation of Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase activity a composition according to claim
 8. 10. A purified and isolated polypeptide according to claim 7 that binds Flt4 and stimulates Flt4 phosphorylation in mammalian cells expressing Flt4.
 11. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising contacting cells that express human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase with a polypeptide according to claim
 10. 12. A purified and isolated polypeptide according to claim 10, said polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 13. 13. A polypeptide according to claim 7 further comprising a detectable label.
 14. A polypeptide according to claim 7 wherein said portion of SEQ ID NO: 33 effective to permit such binding is a continuous portion of SEQ ID NO: 33 within amino acids 1-180 of SEQ ID NO:
 33. 15. A polypeptide according to claim 7 wherein the amino terminus of said portion effective to permit such binding corresponds with position 34 of SEQ ID NO:
 33. 16. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising contacting cells that express human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase with a polypeptide according to claim
 7. 17. A purified and isolated polypeptide comprising a human polypeptide capable of binding with high affinity to the extracellular domain of Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase and having an apparent molecular weight of approximately 23 kD as assessed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, wherein amino terminal amino acids 2 through 18 of said human polypeptide have an amino acid sequence corresponding to amino acids 2 through 18 set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 13. 18. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising contacting cells that express human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase with a polypeptide according to claim
 17. 19. A purified and isolated polypeptide according to claim 17 that binds Flt4 and stimulates Flt4 phosphorylation in mammalian cells expressing Flt4.
 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide according to claim 17 in a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent, adjuvant, or carrier.
 21. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising administering to a person in need of modulation of Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase activity a composition according to claim
 20. 22. A polypeptide according to claim 17 further comprising a detectable label.
 23. A purified and isolated polypeptide capable of binding with high affinity to the extracellular domain of Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase, wherein said polypeptide has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 23 kD as assessed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and is purifyable from conditioned media from a PC-3 prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line, said cell line having ATCC CRL No. 1435, using an affinity purification procedure wherein the affinity purification matrix comprises a polypeptide comprising the extracellular domain of Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase.
 24. A polypeptide according to claim 23 which is capable of stimulating Flt4 phosphorylation in mammalian cells expressing Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase.
 25. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising contacting cells that express human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase with a polypeptide according to claim
 24. 26. A polypeptide according to claim 23 further comprising a detectable label.
 27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide according to claim 23 in a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent, adjuvant, or carrier.
 28. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising administering to a person in need of modulation of Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase activity a composition according to claim
 27. 29. A method of modulating the activity of human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase comprising contacting cells that express human Flt4 receptor tyrosine kinase with a polypeptide according to claim
 23. 